»	To review the organizational structure involved in planning, implementation and appraisal of the programme
»	To assess the utilization and sustenance of various income generating activities

As the TRlCOR schemes are being implemented throughout the State, the tribal areas of ITDA, Padem (Visakhapatnam District) to represent the tribes of hilly and forest areas, the tribal areas of Krishna(Non - ITDA) District to represent MADA and DTG areas and the tribal areas of ITDA, Sundipenta (Srisailam) to represent PTG areas were selected for the study. Further, the study was confined to the schemes implemented for the last 5 years i.e., from 1999 to 2003.

In line with the objectives and scope of the study, the methodology for data collection includes collection of macro level secondary data from TRlCOR State Headquarters and meso level data from concerned District /ITDA headquarters. The primary data was collected from the sample beneficiaries selected through a four tier sampling method. As already mentioned, three areas viz., tribal areas of ITDA, Paderu (Visakhapatnam District), Krishna District and ITDA, Sundipenta were selected to rq>resent ITDA, MADA, DTG and PTG areas. Within these areas, Mandals and Villages where maximum number of tribals assisted under various TRICOR Programmes were selected Finally, the sample beneficiaries representing different categories of schemes were selected purposively. Altogether, 300 beneficiaries spreading over 57 villages in 16 mandals were covered for the study. Different methods like using structured schedules, focus group discussions and case study method were employed to gain qualitative insights into the quantitative data collected at macro and meso levels.

The main objective of TRICOR is to enable the target groups to cross the poverty line by providing margin money to mobilize subsidy and institutional finance through, ITDA, DRDA, NSTFDC, CMEY, PMRY, Banks. etc.. The normal funding pattern followed is 50% subsidv, 30% bank loan and 20% margin money, while for Primitive Tribal Groups. subsidy is 80% and margin money is 20%. The rate of interest charged for margin money is 4% per annum. AI1 families with an annual income of below Rs.l3,000/- are eligible for the schemes under TRICOR, while for NSTFDC schemes, the limit is Rs.31,9521- in respect of rural areas and Rs.42,412/- for urban areas. It was also envisaged that 33% of the beneficiaries should be women and 3% should be from physically handicapped category. overall, 50% of the beneficiaries should be youth.

The implementation process consists of identification of appropriate programs and beneficiaries through joint inspection, training of the beneficiaries, purchase of assets by involving purchasing committees, guidance during implementation of the scheme as well as ensuring recovery of loan. Within this broad frame work, the schemes will be sanctioned to either individuals or groups depending on the nature of the scheme

Under economic support schemes, it was reported that Rs.490.45 crores worth of schemes were implemented from 1976-77 to 2003-04 benefiting 7,94,233 beneficiaries. Ifwe take 2001 Census figures, there are about 10 lakh tribal families i.e., @ 5 members per family in a total population of around 50 lakh tribals. This means that about 80% of the tribal families are already covered under various TRJCOR programmes, where as the percentage of tribal families below the poverty line as per B.P.L. Survey of 1993-94 year is only 25.66. Thus there is every possibility of the same beneficiary being covered more than once, when he is assisted separately under various schemes like Land Development, irrigation Wells, Electric Motor, Seeds and Fertilizers etc. Secondly, the average margin money (constituting 20% of the scheme) spent is Rs.1,l34/-, which means that the total fund provided is Rs.5,610/- on an average. Expecting a tribal family living below the poverty line to cross the poverty line of Rs.13,000/- per annum with an average assistance of Rs.5,670/- may not be a correct planning. However, the margin amount recovery at 43% of the total margin money reported by TRICOR may have to be analyzed further, as the schemes are very low cost in nature and that much of returns to repay margin money may not be there.

The beneficiaries have to be identified in Grama Sabha by a team of Officers constituted for the purpose representing ITDA / DTWO. Bank and Mandal level Officials. However, it was found that 61% of the beneficiaries were selected by VDOs and MPDOs in Paderu area, 93% by mediators in Krishna District and 60% by others like School Complex Resource Persons and Sub Assistants in Sundipenta, ITDA area. The program Identification and implementation appeared to be "VIP visit Oriented" rather than "beneficiary need oriented." Therefore. only 46% of the units grounded yielded benefits initially. Surprisingly, majority of the beneficiaries informed that the schemes were chosen by them but on detailed enquiry, it was found that the beneficiaries were asked to choose the schemes from the list available with officials or mediators rather than on the basis of actual potentiality of the scheme in the area and its benefit to the tribal. For examole. Electric Motors were suoolied to the tribals in Enugurai village in Munchingput Mandai for the wells dug under Jeevanadhara scheme hut the vil1asze itselfwas not electrified. Therefore, the beneficiaries have sold away the motors at the rate of Rs.2,000/-. If their request for sanction of Oil Engines is considered there would have been some utility even though the cost of maintenance is higher. Incomplete schemes like sanction of fishing nets without boats. mulberry cultivation without required financial assistance supply of potato seedlings which are not suitable in that area cable T.Vs in places where demand is very low ~ are some of the failed schemes in Visakhapatnam district. Benami transactions and dominance of middlemen re.c;ulted in poor utilization / performance of schemes in Krishna district. Diversion of loan for medical treatment and household consumption. Death of animals due to wild animal attacks and diseases~ are some of the reasons for failure of schemes in ITDA, Sundipenta.

The successful schemes in Paderu ITDA area include assistance given to DW ACRA Groups for trade in weekly market,; and supply of Oil Engines in unelectrified villages. In Krishna District. the schemes like Bullocks and Cart, Kirana, cycle and Net, Cycle Rickshaw are successful ~hemes even though the middlemen played major role in identification of the beneficiaries. The beneficiaries hailing from Lambada and Yerokula communities are well informed about the scheme and its utility.

However some of the schemes like basket making and sheep units which have good potentiality have not succeeded due to all amounts of money that uItimatelv reached them after deduction of bank component and middle men percentage. Sheep units also suffered high mortality due to diseases. In some cases repayment of loan was only a book adjustment by the bank even without releasing it to the beneficiary. While the banks reported very good recovery through these book adjustments, the beneficiaries are not aware of the loan sanctioned and adjusted back. More number of beneficiaries under the same scheme also affected the viability of the scheme in a particular area / village. In case of Sundipenta ITDA, the successful schemes include Electric Motor, Tea Stalls, Oil Engines. Fair Price Shop and Fishing Nets as they are need based and appropriate to the local demand.

Lack of orientation to the beneficiaries regarding various component or misguidance by the middlemen that the loan need not be repaid also led to failure of schemes. It was often repotted that the Margin Money is "Mafi (waived) money" which need not be repaid. In many places mediators deliberately kept the details of the schemes for themselves, while officials did not bother to inform the tribals about the details of the scheme.

The pattern of disbursement shows that overall 53% of beneficiaries received the assistance in cash. Within this, in Paderu area, only 34% of the beneficiaries received in cash followed by 86% in Krishna District and 42% in Sundipenta ITDA area. The disbursement in cash had its obvious negative impact on the implementation of the scheme as the funds mostly flowed to the mediators as already explained. The banks also played 'trick'. They have received subsidy and margin money on behalf of the beneficiary and notionally sanctioned the hank loan. They have released only subsidy and margin money to the beneficiaries and made a reverse entry of the bank loan notionally sanctioned as recovery after waiting for sometime. In some cases, they have made the beneficiary to deposit an amount equivalent to the hank loan in another account on the name of that beneficiary and released the hank component along with subsidy and margin money. In the bank accounts. the amount released to beneficiary becomes notional as an equal amount is already taken from the beneficiary in the name of deposit. It is being adjusted hack after sometime against the notional loan.

The problem in all the areas common to all beneficiaries is that the proceedings sanctioning the scheme were not made availabte to the beneficiaries.

The beneficiaries have informed that they are getting some additional income out of some successful schemes. However, they could not clearly define what is the extent of additional income as they were utilizing the subsidy and loan components. The ultimate test of additional income lies in the sustenance of the scheme. Therefore, the information provided on additional income could not be analyzed further, as most of the schemes have failed. Moreover, when the loans were not repaid, the additional income reported also is notional. The beneficiaries have also argued that expecting them to repay full loan amount against part amount actually received by them is also not fair. The official machinery at field level was spending most of its time in sanctioning of the scheme rather than on follow up, guidance and recovery of loan and hence responsible for the failure of the schemes. Only 14%ofbeneficianes reported monitoring of schemes by officials.

If we measure the indirect impact of the schemes in terms of benefits to the family members of the beneficiary, only 10% of them informed about improvement in education of children, 8% in house condition, 10% in better dress pattern and 19% in better quality of food. Surprisingly 8% have reported that they purchased modern gadgets like T.V, Motor Cycle etc., but when details are enquired into, it was found that they diverted the money sanctioned for the scheme partly to purchase these items.

In case of schemes under CMEY, bankable schemes from Rs.l - 2 lakhs can be taken up depending on the size of members, i.e., 10 members for assitance up to Rs.l.00 lakh and 10- 15 members for assistance up to Rs.2.00 lakhs. These schemes have to be provided to vouth association which are already formed and active. However, it was found that the youth associations have been hurriedtly constituted to avail the benefits under the project. Further, the schemes were mainly sanctioned on the recommendation of the local politicians for the groups supporting their political party. When interviewed the office bearers of these groups could not tell the name of the members and thev were not willing to show the assets provided / created under the schemes or relevant records. In one of the societies at Panirangini in Araku, the Organizer has studied up to 7th class, while the Suborganizer and memebers have 10th and Intermediate qualifications. Out of Rs.1.00 lakh sanctioned for the scheme, they have received only Rs.14J 65/-. The scheme of ginger business failed, when the organizer expired and one of the members migrated to Bombay with the money sanctioned for the scheme in search of employment. The scheme which ran successfully for a few months has later on failed. The sheep units sanctioned in Pondugula Thanda of Krishna District and Dalapathiguda of Visakhapatnam district also disappeared into forest The team could rarely found the successful schemes under CMEY.

The schemes under Prime Minister Rozgar Yojana (PMRY) seem to he succeeding as the District Industrues Centre (DIC) which is responsihle for formulation, implementation and monitoring has been systematically doing the job. The Rice and Flour Milt in Rangasila village in ITDA, Paderu provided additional income to the extent ofRs.10,000/- per year. If there was no frequent power failures and if diesel generator is provided as a standby, the beneficiary could have got more income as the demand would have increased when the people find the unit running continuously. Whenever, the unit stopped functioning due to power failure, the people were resorting to their traditional method of pounding. The Four Seator Auto sanctioned in Paden! is also running well due to good demand but lack of repairfacilities in Paderu made the beneficiarv to go to Anakapallv situated at 70 km from his place for repairs. As there is good demand for such Autos, it would have been better if more autos are sanctioned in this area and at the same time a repair shop by a tribal trained mechanic is also sanctioned to provide support services.

In case of NSTFDC schemes. feasibility of grounding the scheme was not examined critically. The Seven Seator Autos which are unstable could not negotiate the uneven ghat roads of Paderu while the beneficiaries were forced to take heavy toads of goods and passengers on weekly market day; and this ultimately led to frequent breakdown of the vehicle. Lack of repairing facility has also affected this scheme also. The PowerTiBer was either lying idle in the field or sold away as there is no demand and the maintenance cost is very high. The beneficiaries were also not trained on minimum maintenance of the machinery / vehicles supplied to them and therefore, they are liable to be cheated by outsiders. The Jeeps supplied were used as taxis and the tax to be paid is so high that they started running them without paying the ta and therefore they are always at the mercy of Transport Department officials. In a strange case in ITDA, Sundipenta. the Jeep Cum Ambulance was forcebly taken away by the Police Sub Inspector for combing operations and the naxalities burnt the vehicle. The benficiary who did not pay the comprehensive insurance amount could l10t get any compensation. The owner of this vehicle has now become a contract driver in ITDA Sundipenta driving some other vehicle belooging to ITDA.

The success stories under NSTFDC include 4 Seator Autos, Telephone Booth and Tractor which were located at appropriate place and sanctioned after demand survey. The beneficiaries also had experience of driving the vehicles or managing the telephone booth as employees earlier.

Thorough investigation into the status of working of various interventions of program implementation along with a series of discussions with implementing agencies, local knowledgeable persons and target groups witl provide a platform for working out the following model to ensure that the intended bet1efits of the program are ferried to the reach of the target groups.

Selection of schemes and beneficiaries should not be done in a buried manner in order to fulfill the targets. It should involve an array of activities as given below.